Microbial Pathogenesis 2019 May 04-05, 2019 San Antonio, UK

The diseases caused by foodborne pathogens can be classified into three forms: foodborne infection, foodborne intoxication, and foodborne toxic infection.The principal route of infection for foodborne pathogens is oral and also the primary website of action is that the gut. Most foodborne microorganisms cause localized infection and tissue harm however some unfold to deeper tissues to induce general infection. First of all, pathogens must gain access to the host in sufficient numbers to initiate infection. The primary vehicle of transmission is food and water. However, they will be non-inheritable from direct contact with an animal or an individual's, like a food handler, from environments (soil, air) or from an invertebrate vector.

Cancer is a disease of tissue growth regulation. For a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.

The affected genes are classified   into two broad categories:

1) Oncogenes - Genes that promote cell growth and reproduction.

2) Tumor suppressor genes - Genes that inhibit cell division and survival.

The gain or loss of an entire chromosome can occur through errors in mitosis. The most common are mutations, which changes in the nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA. Cancer epigenetics is the study of epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence. Metastasis is the spread of cancer to other locations in the body by which  dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors. It is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur through the blood or the lymphatic system or both of it . Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs like the lungs, liver, brain and bones.

Intracellular parasites are micro-parasites that are capable of growing and reproducing inside the cells of a host. Facultative intracellular parasites are capable of living and reproduce either inside or outside cells. Bacterial examples include: Francisella tularensis, listeria, monocytes, Salmonella Typhi, Mycobacterium. Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, means that the reproduction of the parasite is entirely dependent on intracellular resources. Examples include viruses, certain bacteria, includes Chlamydia, and closely related species, Coxiella, certain species of Mycobacterium such as Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The majority of intracellular parasites must keep its host cells alive as long as they are reproducing and growing. In order to grow, they need nutrients that might be less in their free form in the cell. People with T cell deficiencies are susceptible to intracellular pathogens.

Molecular pathology is a discipline that focus on the study and diagnosis of disease by the examination of molecules in organs, tissues or bodily fluids. It focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of the disease. It also shares some aspects of practice with anatomic pathology, clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is considered as "crossover" discipline. The purpose of molecular pathology is to elucidate the mechanisms of disease by identifying molecular and pathway alterations. Molecular pathology is commonly used in the diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques like quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, in situ RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for antimicrobial resistance are used for diagnosis of diseases

Immune responses to pathogens: The function of the immune system is to protect humans from foreign agents and infectious organisms. The immune system consists of two functional mechanisms:

1.  Innate or non-specific immune system

2. Adaptive or specific immune system

​​​The innate immune system

The workings of the innate immune system provide a first line of defense against infection. Physical barriers to infection include skin, which prevents pathogen penetration, and bodily fluids like mucus, which collect and clear pathogens.

There are also a number of cellular and biochemical components, including complement proteins, innate leukocytes and phagocytic cells, which used to identify and eliminate pathogens from the body.

The adaptive immune system

The adaptive immune system is triggered when the innate system fails to clear pathogens from the body. It consists of a variety of cells and molecules, among which lymphocytes and antibodies are the key elements. Lymphocytes arise continuously from progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Lymphocytes synthesize cell surface receptors that specifically bind to foreign molecules. These secreted proteins are known as antibodies. The  molecule which bind to an antibody is called an antigen.  Pathogens bound to antibodies are marked for clearance or destruction. The functions of the adaptive immune system can be grouped into three basic types: B cells, Cytotoxic T cells (TC cells), Helper T cells (Th cells).

The antimicrobial resistance crisis is the increasing global incidence of infectious diseases affecting the human population, which are fatal with any known antimicrobial agent. Three major factors determine this crisis :  The increasing frequency of AMR phenotypes among microbes is an evolutionary response to the widespread use of antimicrobials, the large and globally connected human population allows pathogens in any environment access to all, the extensive use of antimicrobials by humans provides the strong discerning pressure that drives the evolutionary reaction in the microbial world. 

The other two  factors that gets affected, the rate at which antimicrobial resistance as well as virulence factors evolve in microbial world may be slowed down. This may be achieved by radically reducing the global use of current and potential antimicrobials. The legislation of  the use of antimicrobials and to educate the healthcare world,  have not broadly addressed the problem of achieving an overall reduction in the human use of antimicrobials and the  comprehensive education program will be required to change the public model of antimicrobial usage.

<p justify;\"="">

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti, the mosquito vector also important in transmission of the flaviviruses responsible for dengue fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Because of occurrence in the same geographic regions, serologic cross-reactivity, and similar but often less severe clinical manifestations, such as dengue and chikungunya infections, ZIKV infection likely has gone undetected, misdiagnosed, or both for many years. ZIKV is somewhat unique among flaviviruses in its ability to be transmitted through sexual contact, nonsexual body fluids, and perinatally. The relatively recent detection of the link between ZIKV infection and Guillain-Barre syndrome and fatal neurological defects, including microcephaly, has prompted intense efforts aimed at the development of new and specific diagnostic tests. Infection with ZIKV has been postulated to lead to a more severe clinical course from other structurally related viruses, especially dengue, and vice versa because of a phenomenon termed antibody-dependent enhancement. Inactivated whole virus, DNA, RNA, and vectored vaccine approaches to prevent ZIKV infection are in development, as are treatments for active disease that are safe in pregnant womens.

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a discipline that aims to prevent or control the spread of infections in healthcare facilities and the community. IPC programmes include activities, procedures and policies designed to reduce the spread of infections, usually within healthcare facilities. The primary goals of an IPC programme are preventing susceptible patients acquiring pathogenic (disease-causing) micro-organisms and to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistant infections. There are several components which is common to IPC programmes worldwide that includes: Skilled IPC practitioners like  nurses, doctors who co-ordinate the IPC programme activities and develop, revise, audit and implement policies .It is essential for accountability for IPC and integration of IPC as part of healthcare with direct links to clinical services and non-clinical services e.g. healthcare facility management and support services. Implementing best-practice standards and guidelines, strong education imparted to healthcare workers and surveillance for healthcare-associated infections and epidemics.

 Renal pathology is a sub classification of anatomic pathology that deals with the diagnosis and representation of medical diseases of the kidneys.  Renal pathologists work closely with nephrologists and transplant surgeons, who typically obtain diagnostic specimens by percutaneous renal biopsy. The renal pathologist must make findings from light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence to obtain a conclusive diagnosis. The  renal diseases may affect the glomerulus, the tubules and interstitium, the vessels, or a combination of these compartments.

Pathology is the field in healthcare which provides accurate  information regarding the progression of disease conditions. This information helps physicians to monitor and manage the therapies. Biomarker technology is one the diagnostic tool which would get important in next five years. Such advancement  in technologies has largely helped physicians to measure and monitor the progression life style diseases such as stroke, diabetes and cancer. Pathology devices used in diagnosing infectious diseases, cancer and other prevalent diseases have high demand across globe. Also devices used during clinical trials, drug discovery and development are gaining pace due  to increasing pharmaceutical research and development.

The global pathology devices market is classified  on, technology, application and end users.

Based on technology: Immunoassays technology like ELISA, Fluorescence, Chemiluminescence etc., Clinical chemistry, Hematology, Microbiology, Molecular diagnostics like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology (NAAT), Microarrays, Molecular Hybridization, DNA Sequencing.

Based on application: Disease diagnostics, Drug discovery and development, Forensic diagnostics.

Based on end users: Diagnostics laboratories, Forensic laboratories, Academic institutes, Contract research organizations, Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.

Microbial Pathogenesis is the study of the sub-atomic instruments utilized by organisms to cause illness in people and creatures. Bacterial, protozoan, parasitic and viral pathogens have developed a wide variety of devices to set up themselves in the host and pick up supplements, which cause harm and malaise. Different components of pathogenesis include host resistance avoidance. In understanding the complex procedures utilized by microbial pathogens, microbiologists utilize every one of the devices of present day sub-atomic science, hereditary qualities, natural chemistry and biophysics

<p a="" and="" apparatuses="" assortment="" avoidance.="" background-color:="" biophysics.="" by="" cause="" chemistry="" components="" comprehend="" creatures.="" day="" developed="" different="" every="" font-family:="" font-size:="" harm="" have="" helvetica="" hereditary="" host="" how="" illness="" improvement="" in="" incorporate="" initial="" instruments="" intricate="" investigation="" is="" likewise="" malady="" malady.="" microbial="" microbiologists="" move="" n="" natural="" new="" of="" one="" organisms="" parasitic="" pathogenesis="" pathogens="" people="" pick="" present="" procedures="" regularly="" remedial="" resistance="" seeing="" set="" span="" color:"="" sub-atomic="" text-align:="" the="" themselves="" to="" toward="" up="" utilize="" utilized="" viral="" which="" wide="">

The host-pathogen interaction is termed as microbes or viruses  sustain themselves at intervals host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organism or population level. This is commonly referred as disease-causing microorganisms as they may not cause illness in all hosts. The molecular and cellular level, microbes might infect the host   anddivide apace, inflicting illness and inflicting imbalance within the body, or by secreting toxins that cause symptoms to look.Viruses could also infect the host with virulent DNA, which can affect normal cell processes like transcription, translation, protein folding or evading the immune response.

<p style="\&quot;margin:" 6pt="" 0cm;="" background:="" white;="" text-align:="" justify;\"="">